The impact of social adjustment policy on Syrian refugees

. This study aims to investigate the impact of social adjustment policy on Syrian refugees, whereas the study population is composed of all Syrian refugees in Jordan. The sample of refugees in different regions of Jordan was surveyed (1675 in total). In order to achieve the objective of the study, the social adjustment scale was constructed in the final form of 20 items. After confirming its validity and stability, it was applied to the sample. The results show that the impact of the social adjustment policy on Syrian refugees in Jordan depends on gender factors, duration of asylum, and the place of residence, but does not depend significantly on the education level. Social adaptation more characterizes men, and there are significant differences between the level of social adaptation in Badia, as well as between urban residences and in rural ones.

Therefore this study analyzes the impact of social adjustment policy on Syrian refugees. Accordingly, the problem of the present study was determined by answering the following questions: Question 1: To what extent does social adjustment policy affect Syrian refugees in Jordan? Question 2: Are there statistically significant differences in the study sample estimates on the impact of social adjustment policy on Syrian refugees in Jordan due to the impact of gender, duration of asylum, educational level and the place of residence?
The present study seeks to achieve the following objectives: 1. To identify the impact of social adjustment policy on Syrian refugees in Jordan. 2. To disclose differences across the respondents on the extent to which social adjustment policy affects Syrian refugees in Jordan in terms of gender, duration of asylum, educational level and the place of residence. 3. To come up with a set of recommendations that would contribute to activating social adjustment policy on Syrian refugees in Jordan.

Procedural definitions
Social adjustment policy: Intended to organized and purposeful process to help the individual to abide by the ethics of the community and keep up with social standards and to interact with others to ensure a balance between the individual and the social framework in which he lives (Neely-Prado et al., 2019;Terziev, 2019). For the purpose of this study, adaptation policy are procedurally defined as the combination of efforts Jordan continuously provides to Syrian refugees to help them overcome the effects of asylum and contribute to their mental health and community integration.
Refugees: A refugee is defined as any person who has been forced to leave his or her home for fear of persecution and to be outside his homeland (Hasawi, 2008: 54), For the purpose of this research, a Syrian refugee is defined as a person living outside his country of habitual residence in the Syrian Arab Republic because of a well-founded fear of persecution because of religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, and cannot because of that fear.
The study limits: This study contained the following limits: -A sample of Syrian refugees in various governorates of the Kingdom for 2018.
-The measure of social adaptation built by the researcher and according to his observations and conclusions, so it is not possible to generalize the results of this study outside the objective framework of its tool.

LITERATURE REVIEW
The Arabic and foreign literature were surveyed, and studies related to the current study viewed in chronological order: ALharbi (2017) conducted a study aimed at identifying the degree of psychological safety and selfefficacy among Syrian refugee students inside and outside the camps. The sample consisted of 600 Syrian refugee students at home and abroad camps in the second semester of the academic year 2014-2015.The Psychometric and Self-Efficiency Scale was implemented to answer study questions. The results indicated a low degree of psychological security for Syrian refugee students inside the camps but moderate outside the camps. The results also showed a low level of self-efficacy among Syrian refugee students inside and outside the camps. Li and Grineva (2016) conducted a study aimed at identifying the level of social adaptation among a sample of newcomers from refugee background in a high school in Newfoundland and Labrador. And to achieve this goal, the study data were collected through field observations, qualitative survey questionnaires of 15 new students, and interviews with 6 students from refugee background and 3 teachers. The results indicated that young refugees face difficulties in the level of social adjustment due to differences in educational systems and school cultures and thus suffer from social isolation and various practices in body language, dress code, and personal hygiene. Basheti et al. (2015) sought to detect the prevalence of mental disorders experienced by Syrian refugees in Za'atari camp in Jordan. A sample of (73) refugees was selected, the results indicated that Syrian refugees suffer from difficult living conditions, which resulted in increased psychological pressure, in addition to the low level of health and psychological services. In Za'atari camp, people with psychiatric disorders suffer from psychological and social support, especially for those living in refugee camps. Jabbar and Zaza (2014) aimed at detecting the level of psychological and social adjustment among the students of the higher basic stage of the Syrian refugees in Zaatari camp (Jordan). And to achieve this goal, a random sample of (382) male and female students was selected in Za'atari camp. The results showed that the level of social adjustment was moderate, and the study showed that there are statistically significant differences according to the gender, while no differences in the level of social adjustment according to the duration of stay. Collins et al. (2017) conducted a study aimed at identifying the situation of Syrian refugees in Turkey, as well as to identify the most important impact of the Syrian conflict on humanitarian attitudes towards Syrian refugees in Turkey, the researcher used in this study descriptive analytical method. The study sample consisted of 1072 refugees from Syrian families who is living inside the camps in Turkey. The study found that the Turkish government is paying much attention to improving the living conditions of the refugees inside the camps. It also found that the refugees suffer from problems such as housing and difficult living conditions, in addition to the lack of some basic needs such as food, blankets and others.
The current study is distinguished from previous studies in its comprehensiveness in terms of the size of the sample as well as the place of its selection where the current study covered the northern governorates of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The study was not limited to Zaatari camp, which is making the study more comprehensive than previous studies.
Creating solutions to address the problems of social and economic adaptation of Syrian refugees in Jordan requires using the experience of adaptation of migrants in many other countries. Studies of the adaptation of forced migrants in the EU countries show a huge role in this process of the labor market and the independent placement of migrants, among whom there are a lot of refugees (Navickas et al., 2020). Researchers confirmed that the countries of EU have a tendency to convergence in regard to the share of self-employed migrants in employed persons from foreign countries. Were assumed that pressure of the labour market where a lack of labour force is obvious will prolong this trend. There are relatively large number of self-employed migrants in Eastern Europe. Their increase can be considered averagecompared to the EU. There is the study focuses on attitudes towards immigrants and the factors that contribute to dissimilarity. Among them, the most important were trust, fear of those migrants who are lower level of trust in national institutions, the difference in religion (Danaj et al., 2018). The stay of Syrian refugees in Jordan is largely due to the geographical proximity of this country to their homeland and the proximity of religion, way of life and customs. Studies of Mishchuk and Grishnova (2015) shows that a significant number of refugees inclined to migrate to countries with higher standards of living and opportunities. The study is devoted to the study of what factors migrants tend to choose a place of resettlement. The most significant factors of external migration found are health care needs, conditions for life extension, level of protection Hussein Salem Al-Srehan The impact of social adjustment policy on Syrian refugees of human rights, insurance for the material component of life and higher standards of living (Mishchuk & Grishnova, 2015).

Study approach
The present study followed the descriptive analytical approach. The descriptive analytical approach refers to the quantitative research based on sociological review. SPSS Statistics software was used for statistical analysis of the collected data.

Study population and sample
The study population consisted of all Syrian refugees in the northern governorates of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan for the year 2018, and due to the lack of accurate statistics on the number of refugees in the northern governorates, the researcher selected a random sample consisting of (1675) refugees, and table (1) shows the distribution of the individuals of sample according to the study variables.

Study tool
To achieve the objective of the study, reference was made to the theoretical literature and previous studies related to the subject of the study, such as (ALharbi, 2017) study and the guide of social adjustment scale that was built by (Jassi et al., 2020) and the views of arbitrators and specialists in psychological counseling and psychology. In light of this, a measure of social adaptation was developed for the study sample and the questionnaire consisted in its initial form of (20) items.
Validity of the study tools: The validity of the study tool was verified in two ways: 1-The veracity of the arbitrators: The veracity of the tool was confirmed by presenting it to (6) arbitrators from the faculty members of the Jordanian universities. The researcher asked them to give their comments and opinions on the validity of these items and represent the purpose for which it was prepared, and the suitability of each item to the area in which it was placed, and add or delete any item they deem appropriate. After the restoration of the questionnaires, it was found that the arbitrators proposed to amend the language of items (6,9,13,18) and the amendment was made as required.
2-Building validity: To extract the significance of construction validity for the scale, extracted the coefficients of the correlation of meaning of each item of the scale with the total score were performed. For this study, 45 refugees were randomly selected from the same population, but separate from the sample used for the main study. The correlation coefficient represents an indication of sincerity for each item in the form of a correlation between each item and the total score. In the same time, it indicates correlation between each item and its association with the field to which it belongs, and between each field and the total score. The correlation coefficients of items with the tool as a whole ranged between (0.92-0.59), and with the field (0.95-0.68) the table (2) shows that. Table 2 The correlation coefficients between the items, the total score and the field to which they belong It should be noted that all correlation coefficients were acceptable and statistically significant, therefore none of these items were deleted.

Study tool stability
To ensure the reliability of the study tool, the test-retest method was verified by applying the test and reapplied after two weeks to a group of 45 refugees outside the study sample. The Pearson correlation coefficient between their estimates also was calculated both times on the study instrument as a whole, the coefficient of stability was also calculated by the method of internal consistency according to the Kronbach alpha equation (0.84). and the coherence coefficient was calculated by the method of internal consistency according to the Kronbach Alpha equation (0.80). These values were considered appropriate for the purposes of this study.

Study variables
The present study included the following variables (Table 3): Hussein Salem Al-Srehan The impact of social adjustment policy on Syrian refugees

Source: developed by the authors
The dependent variable in this study is the impact of social adjustment policy on Syrian refugees in Jordan.

Study procedures on refugees
To reach the results of the study, the researcher has done the following: 1. Determining the objective of the study to reveal the impact of social adjustment policy on Syrian refugees in Jordan.
2. Building the tool of study in the light of theoretical literature and previous relevant studies, in accordance with the scientific procedures followed in the construction of tools and the calculation of honesty and stability. Then make sure it is true or not.
3. Selecting the members of the sample and then interviewing them and explaining the purpose of the study to them. 4. Distributing the study tool to the study sample. 5. Filling the necessary data by the members of the study sample and then answer the items of the tool as they see with their point of view in all honesty and objectivity. After being informed them that their answers are confidential and will only be used for scientific research purposes.
6. Collecting data and then enter the data into the computer memory, then using the statistical program (SPSS) to analyze and extract the results, and then discuss and interpret and make recommendations and proposals.

Statistical processing
The following statistical analyzes were used to answer the study questions: 1. To answer the first question, the arithmetic averages were extracted for the items of the tool fields and the fields as a whole.
2. To answer the second question, a multi-impact quadrilateral analysis of gender, duration of asylum, educational level and place of residence was conducted.
3. For the purposes of interpreting the results and concluding the final results in this study, the Likert Ladder has been adopted by the correction tools of the study, giving each of itsitem one grade among its five grades (Strongly Agree, Agree, Neutral, Opposed, actively Opposes) and it is digitally represented (5, 4, 3, 2, 1) respectively, the following scale has been adopted for the purposes of analyzing the results: From 2.33 -1.00 few. From 3.67 -2.34 medium. From 5.00 -3.68 large.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The first question: What is the impact of social adjustment policy on Syrian refugees in Jordan? To answer this question, we have extracted the arithmetic averages and standard deviations of the impact of social adjustment policy on Syrian refugees in Jordan. The table 4 illustrates this.   (3), which states that "Social adjustment policy are keen to integrate the Syrian refugee with the local community" ranked first with an average of 3.16. Item (7), which reads, "Social adjustment policy contribute to the definition of the Syrian refugee with the most prominent values prevailing in the Jordanian society", with an average of 2.59. The mean of the field as a whole has reached (2.90).
The second question: Are there statistically significant differences at the level of indication (a = 0.05) in the study sample estimates on the impact of social adjustment policy on Syrian refugees in Jordan due to the impact of gender, duration of asylum, educational level and place of residence?
To answer this question, we have extracted the arithmetic averages and standard deviations of the extent of the impact of social adjustment policy on Syrian refugees in Jordan according to variables of the impact of gender, duration of asylum, educational level and place of residence. The table (5) shows this.   (5) shows an apparent variation in the arithmetic averages and standard deviations of the respondents' responses on the extent to which social adjustment policy affect Syrian refugees in Jordan due to different categories of variables, gender, duration of social asylum, educational level and place of residence. To illustrate the significance of statistical differences between the arithmetic averages, the analysis of the multiple quadratic variance of the tool as a whole was used as Table (6).  -There are statistically significant differences (0.05≥a) attributed to the effect of gender, and the differences were in favor of males.
-There are statistically significant differences (0.05≥a) attribute the duration of the asylum and the differences were in favor of two years and more.
-There are no statistically significant differences (0.05≥a) due to the effect of educational level.
-There are statistically significant differences (0.05≥a) attributed to the effect of the place of residence to show the statistically significant marital differences between the arithmetic averages, the dimensional comparisons were used as shown in Table (7).   (7) shows the following: -There are statistically significant differences (a = 0.05) between the category of residence (Badia) on the one hand and each of the place of residence (village, city) on the other hand, and the differences were in favor of each Badia and city.
Results show that the level of impact of social adjustment policy on Syrian refugees in Jordan depends on gender factors, duration of asylum and place of residence, but does not depend on educational level. The previous result may reflect a clear deficiency in social adjustment policy, perhaps due to the large numbers of refugees, which limits the effectiveness of social adjustment policy as there are no accurate statistics neither on refugee's circumstances, nor the nature of pressures they face, no effective coping policy can in any way be established without knowing the background brought by the refugee and grew up in, on one side, as well as sources of pressure on the other, and whether it is internal because he has forced to leave his country, or external as a result of his inability to adapt in new Communities.
There are statistically significant differences (0.05≥a) attributed to the effect of gender, and the differences were in favor of males, the differences were in favor of two years and more, and the Place of residence, The category of the place of residence (Badia) on the one hand and both categories of (village, city) on the other. The difference comes in favor of each city and the previous result may be attributed to the fact that males are facing the pressures of life more than females because the residence of females are mostly in the home of the family in contrast to males, those who go out to work for the requirements of life, which makes them more contact with the local community and thus more. Ability to adapt to the new community as well as with regard to the variable of residence. It is noted that the differences came category of place of residence (Badia) on the one hand and both categories of place of residence (village, city) on the other. The differences were in favor of each Badia and City, probably because most of the Syrian refugee communities were in the eastern areas of Jordan (or Badia) or in cities and villages, but a few of them of them were in the villages, therefore they had less social adjustment in the villages compared to the Badia or urban areas. This finding is partly in line with the findings of (Li & Grineva, 2016) which showed that the level of social adaptation of the Syrian refugee is low due to different traditions and social values prevailing according to the variable of residence. The Syrian refugee population is affected by the place of residence where the level of adjustment outside the camps was higher than inside the refugee camps according to (ALharbi, 2017) study.

CONCLUSIONS
In light of the above results it was found that the general level of social adaptation of Syrian refugees in Jordan depends on gender factors, duration of asylum and place of residence, but does not depend on educational level. It was found that social adaptation is more pronounced in men, and also significant differences between level of social adaptation in Badia, as well as in urban residences and in rural ones. The differences were in favor of each Badia and City residences.
The researcher recommends the following: 1) To intensify social adjustment policy through the provision of more psychologists to help refugees adapt to new communities. 2) To undertake activities that promote the promotion of common values between the Syrian refugee and the local community in order to promoting social adjustment. 3) Conducting studies similar to the current study to identify the causes of low social adjustment among Syrian refugees in Jordan.
This study has theoretical and practical significance as follows: Theoretical importance: Increased emphasis on the duration of the effectiveness of social adaptation policy as they play a significant role in reducing the negative effects of asylum and providing an opportunity for refugees to join in new societies and enrich the theoretical side of research and studies through the present theoretical framework and data collection tool and thus open the way for other studies.
Practical importance: This study is an extension of the previous studies and complementary to them. The previous studies focused on identifying social adjustment policy for different segments of individuals, while this study is concerned with detecting the impact of social adjustment policy on Syrian refugees in Jordan, thus this study can contribute to the detection of The strengths and weaknesses of the adjustment policy adopted by the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in particular for Syrian refugees.